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Cyclic-oligonucleotide-based anti-phage signalling systems (CBASS) share ancestry with an innate immune pathway in animals. Adi Millman (Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel) and colleagues published a new paper in Nature Microbiology on CBASS diversity. They saw evidence of extensive gain and loss of CBASS systems, as well as shuffling of effector genes between systems, and they propose a new classification system.